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# PyZMQ, Python2.5, and Python3

PyZMQ is a fairly light, low-level library, so supporting as many versions as is reasonable is our goal. Currently, we support at least Python 2.5-3.1. Making the changes to the codebase required a few tricks, which are documented here for future reference, either by us or by other developers looking to support several versions of Python.

Note

It is far simpler to support 2.6-3.x than to include 2.5. Many of the significant syntax changes have been backported to 2.6, so just writing new-style code would work in many cases. I will try to note these points as they come up.

## pyversion_compat.h

Many functions we use, primarily involved in converting between C-buffers and Python objects, are not available on all supported versions of Python. In order to resolve missing symbols, we added a header `utils/pyversion_compat.h` that defines missing symbols with macros. Some of these macros alias new names to old functions (e.g. `PyBytes_AsString`), so that we can call new-style functions on older versions, and some simply define the function as an empty exception raiser. The important thing is that the symbols are defined to prevent compiler warnings and linking errors. Everywhere we use C-API functions that may not be available in a supported version, at the top of the file is the code:

    cdef extern from "pyversion_compat.h":
        pass

This ensures that the symbols are defined in the Cython generated C-code. Higher level switching logic exists in the code itself, to prevent actually calling unavailable functions, but the symbols must still be defined.

## Bytes and Strings

Note

If you are using Python >= 2.6, to prepare your PyZMQ code for Python3 you should use the `b'message'` syntax to ensure all your string literal messages will still be `bytes` after you make the upgrade.

The most cumbersome part of PyZMQ compatibility from a user’s perspective is the fact that, since ØMQ uses C-strings, and would like to do so without copying, we must use the Py3k `bytes` object, which is backported to 2.6. In order to do this in a Python-version independent way, we added a small utility that unambiguously defines the string types: `bytes`, `unicode`, `basestring`. This is important, because `str` means different things on 2.x and 3.x, and `bytes` is undefined on 2.5, and both `unicode` and `basestring` are undefined on 3.x. All typechecking in PyZMQ is done against these types:

Explicit Type | 2.x | 3.x
--- | --- | ---
`bytes` | `str` | `bytes`
`unicode` | `unicode` | `str`
`basestring` | `basestring` | `(str, bytes)`

Note

2.5 specific

Where we really noticed the issue of `bytes` vs `strings` coming up for users was in updating the tests to run on every version. Since the `b'bytes literal'` syntax was not backported to 2.5, we must call `"message".encode()` for every string in the test suite.

See also

Unicode discussion for more information on strings/bytes.

### `PyBytes_*`

The standard C-API function for turning a C-string into a Python string was a set of functions with the prefix `PyString_*`. However, with the Unicode changes made in Python3, this was broken into `PyBytes_*` for bytes objects and `PyUnicode_*` for unicode objects. We changed all our `PyString_*` code to `PyBytes_*`, which was backported to 2.6.

Note

2.5 Specific:

Since Python 2.5 doesn’t support the `PyBytes_*` functions, we had to alias them to the `PyString_*` methods in utils/pyversion_compat.h.

    #define PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyString_FromStringAndSize
    #define PyBytes_FromString PyString_FromString
    #define PyBytes_AsString PyString_AsString
    #define PyBytes_Size PyString_Size

## Buffers

The layer that is most complicated for developers, but shouldn’t trouble users, is the Python C-Buffer APIs. These are the methods for converting between Python objects and C buffers. The reason it is complicated is that it keeps changing.

There are two buffer interfaces for converting an object to a C-buffer, known as new-style and old-style. Old-style buffers were introduced long ago, but the new-style is only backported to 2.6. The old-style buffer interface is not available in 3.x. There is also an old- and new-style interface for creating Python objects that view C-memory. The old-style object is called a `buffer`, and the new-style object is `memoryview`. Unlike the new-style buffer interface for objects, `memoryview` has only been backported to 2.7. This means that the available buffer-related functions are not the same in any two versions of Python 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, or 3.1.

We have a `utils/buffers.pxd` file that defines our `asbuffer()` and `frombuffer()` functions. `utils/buffers.pxd` was adapted from mpi4py‘s `asbuffer.pxi`. The `frombuffer()` functionality was added. These functions internally switch based on Python version to call the appropriate C-API functions.

See also

Python Buffer API

## `__str__`

As discussed, `str` is not a platform independent type. The two places where we are required to return native str objects are `error.strerror()`, and `Message.__str__()`. In both of these cases, the natural return is actually a `bytes` object. In the methods, the native `str` type is checked, and if the native str is actually unicode, then we decode the bytes into unicode:

    # ...
    b = natural_result()
    if str is unicode:
        return b.decode()
    else:
        return b

## Exceptions

Note

This section is only relevant for supporting Python 2.5 and 3.x, not for 2.6-3.x.

The syntax for handling exceptions has changed in Python 3. The old syntax:

    try:
        s.send(msg)
    except zmq.ZMQError, e:
        handle(e)

is no longer valid in Python 3. Instead, the new syntax for this is:

    try:
        s.send(msg)
    except zmq.ZMQError as e:
        handle(e)

This new syntax is backported to Python 2.6, but is invalid on 2.5. For 2.6-3.x compatible code, we could just use the new syntax. However, the only method we found to catch an exception for handling on both 2.5 and 3.1 is to get the exception object inside the exception block:

    try:
        s.send(msg)
    except zmq.ZMQError:
        e = sys.exc_info()[1]
        handle(e)

This is certainly not as elegant as either the old or new syntax, but it’s the only way we have found to work everywhere.

See also

PEP-3110

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